Chapter 8

            In Chapter 8, the authors of the text discuss values. As defined by Clyde Kluckhohn, “‘A value… is a conception… of the desirable that influences the selection from available nodes, means and ends of action” (as cited in Rieke, Sillars, & Peterson, 121). The text further explores how we evaluate values on an individual basis and how we evaluate values grouped together in value systems. Value systems appear as linked claims, and we can evaluate them based on how compatible individual values are in specific systems to determine how strong or weak an argument is (Rieke, Sillars, & Peterson, 124). I find that we see the strongest arguments come when we perceive a sense of unity between values in these systems from which someone is arguing. The sensational way that the values are codependent on each other intrigues me the most.

            An extreme case of this can be seen in situations of hypocrisy, where someone makes an argument that strongly represents one value, but also embraces a value that is the antithesis of the value being argued for. For example, many of the United States Founding Fathers argued having in mind the values of liberty and freedom. We adopted and kept these as core values in American society for over two centuries, but we often forget that many of the Founding Fathers were slave owners, and our society functions as it does today as a result of slave ownership in the first half of the nation’s history. The Founding Fathers and our society’s early values of freedom and liberty are directly contradicted by the antithesis values such as confinement and slavery, and this is a way hypocrisy can arise in terms of values and value systems.